The sound card (a term used regardless of whether it's an actual add-in "card", or integrated into the motherboard) driver is one option.
Checking the manufacturer's website, they haven't distributed a new driver since 2015; However, Windows update can install drivers as well, and given that you're using a fairly generic Realtek setup, that may have occurred.
You can check the driver date through device manager; Right-click the sound device, choose "Properties", and look on the "Driver" tab.
If it's not a driver issue, it may be that your Windows installation has gotten misconfigured over time, including through Windows updates and third-party software, as you mention.
You could try
repair-installing Windows using installation media, which should allow you to keep installed applications and user data, provided the correct option is chosen.
Making backups is still highly recommended, and you'd be doing that at your own risk, obviously.
If the "Windows Media Components" option suits your needs, you can of course keep using that, however it's not recommended for users where the "Integrated Components" option is working correctly.